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ADK 中的多智能体系统

Supported in ADKPython v0.1.0Typescript v0.2.0Go v0.1.0Java v0.1.0

随着智能体应用程序复杂度的增长,将它们构建为单一的、单体式智能体可能会在开发、维护和理解方面变得具有挑战性。Agent Development Kit (ADK) 支持通过组合多个不同的 BaseAgent 实例来构建复杂的应用程序,形成多智能体系统 (MAS)

在 ADK 中,多智能体系统是一个由不同智能体组成的应用程序,这些智能体通常形成层次结构,协作或协调以实现更大的目标。以这种方式构建你的应用程序具有显著优势,包括增强的模块化、专业化、可重用性、可维护性,以及使用专用工作流智能体定义结构化控制流的能力。

你可以组合从 BaseAgent 派生的各种类型的智能体来构建这些系统:

  • LLM 智能体: 由大型语言模型驱动的智能体。(参见 LLM 智能体)
  • 工作流智能体: 专门的智能体 (SequentialAgentParallelAgentLoopAgent),旨在管理其子智能体的执行流程。(参见 工作流智能体)
  • 自定义智能体: 你自己的智能体,继承自 BaseAgent,具有专门的非 LLM 逻辑。(参见 自定义智能体)

以下部分详细介绍了核心 ADK 原语——如智能体层次结构、工作流智能体和交互机制——这些原语使你能够有效地构建和管理这些多智能体系统。

1. 智能体组合的 ADK 原语

ADK 提供了核心构建块——原语——使你能够在多智能体系统中构建和管理交互。

Note

原语的具体参数或方法名称可能因 SDK 语言而略有不同 (例如,Python 中的 sub_agents,Java 中的 subAgents)。有关详细信息,请参阅特定语言的 API 文档。

1.1. 智能体层次结构 (父智能体、子智能体)

构建多智能体系统的基础是在 BaseAgent 中定义的父子关系。

  • 建立层次结构: 你可以通过在初始化父智能体时将智能体实例列表传递给 sub_agents 参数来创建树结构。ADK 会在初始化期间自动在每个子智能体上设置 parent_agent 属性。
  • 单一父级规则: 一个智能体实例只能作为子智能体添加一次。尝试分配第二个父级将导致 ValueError
  • 重要性: 此层次结构定义了工作流智能体的作用域,并影响 LLM 驱动委派的潜在目标。你可以使用 agent.parent_agent 导航层次结构,或使用 agent.find_agent(name) 查找后代。
# 概念示例:定义层次结构
from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent, BaseAgent

# 定义单个智能体
greeter = LlmAgent(name="Greeter", model="gemini-2.0-flash")
task_doer = BaseAgent(name="TaskExecutor") # 自定义非-LLM 智能体

# 创建父智能体并通过 sub_agents 分配子智能体
coordinator = LlmAgent(
    name="Coordinator",
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    description="我负责协调问候和任务。",
    sub_agents=[ # 在这里分配子智能体
        greeter,
        task_doer
    ]
)
# 框架会自动设置:
# assert greeter.parent_agent == coordinator
# assert task_doer.parent_agent == coordinator
// 概念示例:定义层次结构
import { LlmAgent, BaseAgent, InvocationContext } from '@google/adk';
import type { Event, createEventActions } from '@google/adk';

class TaskExecutorAgent extends BaseAgent {
  async *runAsyncImpl(context: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event, void, void> {
    yield {
      id: 'event-1',
      invocationId: context.invocationId,
      author: this.name,
      content: { parts: [{ text: 'Task completed!' }] },
      actions: createEventActions(),
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    };
  }
  async *runLiveImpl(context: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event, void, void> {
    this.runAsyncImpl(context);
  }
}

// 定义单个智能体
const greeter = new LlmAgent({name: 'Greeter', model: 'gemini-2.5-flash'});
const taskDoer = new TaskExecutorAgent({name: 'TaskExecutor'}); // 自定义非 LLM 智能体

// 创建父智能体并通过 subAgents 分配子智能体
const coordinator = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'Coordinator',
    model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
    description: '我协调问候和任务。',
    subAgents: [ // 在此处分配子智能体
        greeter,
        taskDoer
    ],
});

// 框架自动设置:
// console.assert(greeter.parentAgent === coordinator);
// console.assert(taskDoer.parentAgent === coordinator);
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
)

// Conceptual Example: Defining Hierarchy
// Define individual agents
greeter, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Greeter", Model: m})
taskDoer, _ := agent.New(agent.Config{Name: "TaskExecutor"}) // Custom non-LLM agent

// Create parent agent and assign children via sub_agents
coordinator, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "Coordinator",
    Model:       m,
    Description: "I coordinate greetings and tasks.",
    SubAgents:   []agent.Agent{greeter, taskDoer}, // Assign sub_agents here
})
// 概念示例:定义层次结构
import com.google.adk.agents.SequentialAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
// 定义单个智能体
LlmAgent greeter = LlmAgent.builder().name("Greeter").model("gemini-2.0-flash").build();
SequentialAgent taskDoer = SequentialAgent.builder().name("TaskExecutor").subAgents(...).build(); // 顺序智能体
// 创建父智能体并分配子智能体
LlmAgent coordinator = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Coordinator")
    .model("gemini-2.0-flash")
    .description("我负责协调问候和任务")
    .subAgents(greeter, taskDoer) // 在这里分配子智能体
    .build();
// 框架会自动设置:
// assert greeter.parentAgent().equals(coordinator);
// assert taskDoer.parentAgent().equals(coordinator);

1.2. 作为编排器的工作流智能体

ADK 包含从 BaseAgent 派生的专门智能体,它们自己不执行任务,而是编排其 sub_agents 的执行流程。

  • SequentialAgent: 按照列表顺序依次执行其 sub_agents
    • 上下文: 顺序传递相同InvocationContext,允许智能体通过共享状态轻松传递结果。
# 概念示例:顺序流水线
from google.adk.agents import SequentialAgent, LlmAgent

step1 = LlmAgent(name="Step1_Fetch", output_key="data") # 将输出保存到 state['data']
step2 = LlmAgent(name="Step2_Process", instruction="Process data from {data}.")

pipeline = SequentialAgent(name="MyPipeline", sub_agents=[step1, step2])
# 当 pipeline 运行时,Step2 可以访问 Step1 设置的 state['data']。
// 概念示例:顺序流水线
import { SequentialAgent, LlmAgent } from '@google/adk';

const step1 = new LlmAgent({name: 'Step1_Fetch', outputKey: 'data'}); // 将输出保存到 state['data']
const step2 = new LlmAgent({name: 'Step2_Process', instruction: 'Process data from {data}.'});

const pipeline = new SequentialAgent({name: 'MyPipeline', subAgents: [step1, step2]});
// 当 pipeline 运行时,Step2 可以访问 Step1 设置的 state['data']。
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/sequentialagent"
)

// Conceptual Example: Sequential Pipeline
step1, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Step1_Fetch", OutputKey: "data", Model: m}) // Saves output to state["data"]
step2, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Step2_Process", Instruction: "Process data from {data}.", Model: m})

pipeline, _ := sequentialagent.New(sequentialagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "MyPipeline", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{step1, step2}},
})
// When pipeline runs, Step2 can access the state["data"] set by Step1.
// 概念示例:顺序流水线
import com.google.adk.agents.SequentialAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;

LlmAgent step1 = LlmAgent.builder().name("Step1_Fetch").outputKey("data").build(); // 将输出保存到 state.get("data")
LlmAgent step2 = LlmAgent.builder().name("Step2_Process").instruction("Process data from {data}.").build();

SequentialAgent pipeline = SequentialAgent.builder().name("MyPipeline").subAgents(step1, step2).build();
// 当 pipeline 运行时,Step2 可以访问 Step1 设置的 state.get("data")。
  • ParallelAgent: 并行执行其 sub_agents。来自子智能体的事件可能会交错出现。
    • 上下文: 为每个子智能体修改 InvocationContext.branch(例如,ParentBranch.ChildName),提供一个不同的上下文路径,这在某些记忆实现中对隔离历史记录很有用。
    • 状态: 尽管分支不同,所有并行子智能体都访问相同的共享 session.state,使它们能够读取初始状态并写入结果 (使用不同的键以避免竞争条件)。
# 概念示例:并行执行
from google.adk.agents import ParallelAgent, LlmAgent

fetch_weather = LlmAgent(name="WeatherFetcher", output_key="weather")
fetch_news = LlmAgent(name="NewsFetcher", output_key="news")

gatherer = ParallelAgent(name="InfoGatherer", sub_agents=[fetch_weather, fetch_news])
# 当 gatherer 运行时,WeatherFetcher 和 NewsFetcher 并发运行。
# 后续智能体可以读取 state['weather'] 和 state['news']。
// 概念示例:并行执行
import { ParallelAgent, LlmAgent } from '@google/adk';

const fetchWeather = new LlmAgent({name: 'WeatherFetcher', outputKey: 'weather'});
const fetchNews = new LlmAgent({name: 'NewsFetcher', outputKey: 'news'});

const gatherer = new ParallelAgent({name: 'InfoGatherer', subAgents: [fetchWeather, fetchNews]});
// 当 gatherer 运行时,WeatherFetcher 和 NewsFetcher 并发运行。
// 后续智能体可以读取 state['weather'] 和 state['news']。
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/parallelagent"
)

// Conceptual Example: Parallel Execution
fetchWeather, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "WeatherFetcher", OutputKey: "weather", Model: m})
fetchNews, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "NewsFetcher", OutputKey: "news", Model: m})

gatherer, _ := parallelagent.New(parallelagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "InfoGatherer", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{fetchWeather, fetchNews}},
})
// When gatherer runs, WeatherFetcher and NewsFetcher run concurrently.
// A subsequent agent could read state["weather"] and state["news"].
// 概念示例:并行执行
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.ParallelAgent;


LlmAgent fetchWeather = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("WeatherFetcher")
    .outputKey("weather")
    .build();


LlmAgent fetchNews = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("NewsFetcher")
    .instruction("news")
    .build();


ParallelAgent gatherer = ParallelAgent.builder()
    .name("InfoGatherer")
    .subAgents(fetchWeather, fetchNews)
    .build();

// 当 gatherer 运行时,WeatherFetcher 和 NewsFetcher 并发运行。
// 后续智能体可以读取 state['weather'] 和 state['news']。
  • LoopAgent: 在循环中顺序执行其 sub_agents
    • 终止: 如果达到可选的 max_iterations,或者任何子智能体返回一个在其事件操作中设置了 escalate=TrueEvent,循环就会停止。
    • 上下文和状态: 在每次迭代中传递相同InvocationContext,允许状态变化 (例如,计数器、标志) 在循环中持久化。
# 概念示例:带条件的循环
from google.adk.agents import LoopAgent, LlmAgent, BaseAgent
from google.adk.events import Event, EventActions
from google.adk.agents.invocation_context import InvocationContext
from typing import AsyncGenerator

class CheckCondition(BaseAgent): # 用于检查状态的自定义智能体
    async def _run_async_impl(self, ctx: InvocationContext) -> AsyncGenerator[Event, None]:
        status = ctx.session.state.get("status", "pending")
        is_done = (status == "completed")
        yield Event(author=self.name, actions=EventActions(escalate=is_done)) # 如果完成则上升

process_step = LlmAgent(name="ProcessingStep") # 可能更新 state['status'] 的智能体

poller = LoopAgent(
    name="StatusPoller",
    max_iterations=10,
    sub_agents=[process_step, CheckCondition(name="Checker")]
)
# 当 poller 运行时,它重复执行 process_step 然后 Checker
# 直到 Checker 上升(state['status'] == 'completed')或者达到 10 次迭代。
// 概念示例:带条件的循环
import { LoopAgent, LlmAgent, BaseAgent, InvocationContext } from '@google/adk';
import type { Event, createEventActions, EventActions } from '@google/adk';

class CheckConditionAgent extends BaseAgent { // 用于检查状态的自定义智能体
    async *runAsyncImpl(ctx: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event> {
        const status = ctx.session.state['status'] || 'pending';
        const isDone = status === 'completed';
        yield createEvent({ author: 'check_condition', actions: createEventActions({ escalate: isDone }) });
    }

    async *runLiveImpl(ctx: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event> {
        // This is not implemented.
    }
};

const processStep = new LlmAgent({name: 'ProcessingStep'}); // 可能更新 state['status'] 的智能体

const poller = new LoopAgent({
    name: 'StatusPoller',
    maxIterations: 10,
    // 在循环中顺序执行其子智能体
    subAgents: [processStep, new CheckConditionAgent ({name: 'Checker'})]
});
// 当 poller 运行时,它重复执行 processStep 然后 Checker
// 直到 Checker 上升(state['status'] === 'completed')或者达到 10 次迭代。
import (
    "iter"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/loopagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/session"
)

// Conceptual Example: Loop with Condition
// Custom agent to check state
checkCondition, _ := agent.New(agent.Config{
    Name: "Checker",
    Run: func(ctx agent.InvocationContext) iter.Seq2[*session.Event, error] {
        return func(yield func(*session.Event, error) bool) {
            status, err := ctx.Session().State().Get("status")
            // If "status" is not in the state, default to "pending".
            // This is idiomatic Go for handling a potential error on lookup.
            if err != nil {
                status = "pending"
            }
            isDone := status == "completed"
            yield(&session.Event{Author: "Checker", Actions: session.EventActions{Escalate: isDone}}, nil)
        }
    },
})

processStep, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "ProcessingStep", Model: m}) // Agent that might update state["status"]

poller, _ := loopagent.New(loopagent.Config{
    MaxIterations: 10,
    AgentConfig:   agent.Config{Name: "StatusPoller", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{processStep, checkCondition}},
})
// When poller runs, it executes processStep then Checker repeatedly
// until Checker escalates (state["status"] == "completed") or 10 iterations pass.

```

// 概念示例:带条件的循环
// 自定义智能体用于检查状态并可能升级
public static class CheckConditionAgent extends BaseAgent {
  public CheckConditionAgent(String name, String description) {
    super(name, description, List.of(), null, null);
  }


  @Override
  protected Flowable<Event> runAsyncImpl(InvocationContext ctx) {
    String status = (String) ctx.session().state().getOrDefault("status", "pending");
    boolean isDone = "completed".equalsIgnoreCase(status);

    // 生成一个事件,如果条件满足则升级(退出循环)。
    // 如果未完成,escalate 标志为 false 或缺失,循环继续。
    Event checkEvent = Event.builder()
            .author(name())
            .id(Event.generateEventId()) // 重要:为事件生成唯一 ID
            .actions(EventActions.builder().escalate(isDone).build()) // 如果完成则升级
            .build();
    return Flowable.just(checkEvent);
  }
}
// 可能会更新 state.put("status") 的智能体
LlmAgent processingStepAgent = LlmAgent.builder().name("ProcessingStep").build();
// 用于检查条件的自定义智能体实例
CheckConditionAgent conditionCheckerAgent = new CheckConditionAgent(
    "ConditionChecker",
    "检查 status 是否为 'completed'。"
);
LoopAgent poller = LoopAgent.builder().name("StatusPoller").maxIterations(10).subAgents(processingStepAgent, conditionCheckerAgent).build();
// 当 poller 运行时,它会重复执行 processingStepAgent 和 conditionCheckerAgent
// 直到 Checker 升级(state.get("status") == "completed")或者达到 10 次迭代。

1.3. 交互与通信机制

系统内的智能体通常需要相互交换数据或触发彼此的操作。ADK 通过以下方式实现这一点:

a) 共享会话状态 (session.state)

对于在同一调用内操作的智能体 (因此通过 InvocationContext 共享同一个 Session 对象) 来说,这是最基本的被动通信方式。

  • 机制: 一个智能体 (或其工具/回调) 写入一个值 (context.state['data_key'] = processed_data),后续智能体读取它 (data = context.state.get('data_key'))。状态变化通过 CallbackContext 进行跟踪。
  • 便利性: LlmAgent 上的 output_key 属性会自动将智能体的最终响应文本 (或结构化输出) 保存到指定的状态键。
  • 性质: 异步、被动通信。非常适合由 SequentialAgent 编排的流水线或在 LoopAgent 迭代中传递数据。
  • 参见: 状态管理

调用上下文和 temp: 状态

当父智能体调用子智能体时,它传递相同的 InvocationContext。这意味着它们共享相同的临时 (temp:) 状态,这对于传递仅与当前轮次相关的数据非常理想。

# 概念示例:使用 output_key 和读取状态
from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent, SequentialAgent


agent_A = LlmAgent(name="AgentA", instruction="Find the capital of France.", output_key="capital_city")
agent_B = LlmAgent(name="AgentB", instruction="Tell me about the city stored in {capital_city}.")


pipeline = SequentialAgent(name="CityInfo", sub_agents=[agent_A, agent_B])
# AgentA `运行,`将 "Paris" 保存到 state['capital_city']。
# AgentB 运行,其指令处理器读取 state['capital_city'] 以获取 "Paris"。
// 概念示例:使用 outputKey 和读取状态
import { LlmAgent, SequentialAgent } from '@google/adk';

const agentA = new LlmAgent({name: 'AgentA', instruction: 'Find the capital of France.', outputKey: 'capital_city'});
const agentB = new LlmAgent({name: 'AgentB', instruction: 'Tell me about the city stored in {capital_city}.'});

const pipeline = new SequentialAgent({name: 'CityInfo', subAgents: [agentA, agentB]});
// AgentA 运行,将 "Paris" 保存到 state['capital_city']。
// AgentB 运行,其指令处理器读取 state['capital_city'] 以获取 "Paris"。
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/sequentialagent"
)

// Conceptual Example: Using output_key and reading state
agentA, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "AgentA", Instruction: "Find the capital of France.", OutputKey: "capital_city", Model: m})
agentB, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "AgentB", Instruction: "Tell me about the city stored in {capital_city}.", Model: m})

pipeline2, _ := sequentialagent.New(sequentialagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "CityInfo", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{agentA, agentB}},
})
// AgentA runs, saves "Paris" to state["capital_city"].
// AgentB runs, its instruction processor reads state["capital_city"] to get "Paris".
// 概念示例:使用 outputKey 和读取状态
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.SequentialAgent;


LlmAgent agentA = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("AgentA")
    .instruction("Find the capital of France.")
    .outputKey("capital_city")
    .build();


LlmAgent agentB = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("AgentB")
    .instruction("Tell me about the city stored in {capital_city}.")
    .outputKey("capital_city")
    .build();


SequentialAgent pipeline = SequentialAgent.builder().name("CityInfo").subAgents(agentA, agentB).build();
// AgentA 运行,将 "Paris" 保存到 state('capital_city')。
// AgentB 运行,其指令处理器读取 state.get("capital_city") 以获取 "Paris"。

b) LLM 驱动委派 (智能体转移)

利用 LlmAgent 的理解能力动态地将任务路由到层次结构内的其他适合智能体。

  • 机制: 智能体的 LLM 生成一个特定的函数调用:transfer_to_agent(agent_name='target_agent_name')
  • 处理: AutoFlow(当存在子智能体或未禁止转移时默认使用) 拦截此调用。它使用 root_agent.find_agent() 识别目标智能体,并更新 InvocationContext 以切换执行焦点。
  • 需求: 调用的 LlmAgent 需要清晰的 instructions 来说明何时转移,潜在目标智能体需要不同的 description 以便 LLM 做出明智的决策。可以在 LlmAgent 上配置转移范围 (父级、子智能体、同级)。
  • 性质: 基于 LLM 解释的动态、灵活路由。
# 概念设置:LLM 转移
from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent


booking_agent = LlmAgent(name="Booker", description="Handles flight and hotel bookings.")
info_agent = LlmAgent(name="Info", description="Provides general information and answers questions.")


coordinator = LlmAgent(
    name="Coordinator",
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    instruction="你是助手。将预订任务委托给 Booker,将信息请求委托给 Info。",
    description="主要协调器。",
    # AutoFlow 通常在这里被隐式使用
    sub_agents=[booking_agent, info_agent]
)
# 如果 coordinator 收到 "Book a flight",其 LLM 应生成:
# FunctionCall(name='transfer_to_agent', args={'agent_name': 'Booker'})
# 然后 ADK 框架将执行路由到 booking_agent。
// 概念示例:LLM 转移
import { LlmAgent } from '@google/adk';

const bookingAgent = new LlmAgent({name: 'Booker', description: 'Handles flight and hotel bookings.'});
const infoAgent = new LlmAgent({name: 'Info', description: 'Provides general information and answers questions.'});

const coordinator = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'Coordinator',
    model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
    instruction: '你是助手。将预订任务委托给 Booker,将信息请求委托给 Info。',
    description: '主要协调器。',
    // AutoFlow 通常在这里被隐式使用
    subAgents: [bookingAgent, infoAgent]
});
// 如果 coordinator 收到 "Book a flight",其 LLM 应生成:
// {functionCall: {name: 'transfer_to_agent', args: {agent_name: 'Booker'}}}
// ADK 框架随后将执行路由到 bookingAgent。
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
)

// Conceptual Setup: LLM Transfer
bookingAgent, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Booker", Description: "Handles flight and hotel bookings.", Model: m})
infoAgent, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Info", Description: "Provides general information and answers questions.", Model: m})

coordinator, _ = llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "Coordinator",
    Model:       m,
    Instruction: "You are an assistant. Delegate booking tasks to Booker and info requests to Info.",
    Description: "Main coordinator.",
    SubAgents:   []agent.Agent{bookingAgent, infoAgent},
})

// If coordinator receives "Book a flight", its LLM should generate:
// FunctionCall{Name: "transfer_to_agent", Args: map[string]any{"agent_name": "Booker"}}
// ADK framework then routes execution to bookingAgent.
// 概念示例:LLM 转移
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;


LlmAgent bookingAgent = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Booker")
    .description("Handles flight and hotel bookings.")
    .build();


LlmAgent infoAgent = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Info")
    .description("Provides general information and answers questions.")
    .build();

// 定义协调器智能体
LlmAgent coordinator = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Coordinator")
    .model("gemini-2.0-flash") // 或你期望的模型
    .instruction("你是助手。将预订任务委托给 Booker,将信息请求委托给 Info。")
    .description("主要协调器。")
    // 因为存在 subAgents 且未禁止转移,所以默认(隐式)使用 AutoFlow。
    .subAgents(bookingAgent, infoAgent)
    .build();

// 如果 coordinator 收到 "Book a flight",其 LLM 应生成:
// FunctionCall.builder.name("transferToAgent").args(ImmutableMap.of("agent_name", "Booker")).build()
// ADK 框架随后将执行路由到 bookingAgent。

c) 显式调用 (AgentTool)

允许 LlmAgent 将另一个 BaseAgent 实例视为可调用的函数或工具

  • 机制: 将目标智能体实例包装在 AgentTool 中,并将其包含在父 LlmAgenttools 列表中。AgentTool 为 LLM 生成相应的函数声明。
  • 处理: 当父 LLM 生成针对 AgentTool 的函数调用时,框架执行 AgentTool.run_async。此方法运行目标智能体,捕获其最终响应,将任何状态/工件变化转发回父上下文,并将响应作为工具的结果返回。
  • 性质: 同步 (在父流程内)、显式、受控的调用,就像任何其他工具一样。
  • (注意: 需要显式导入和使用 AgentTool)。
# 概念设置:智能体作为工具
from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent, BaseAgent
from google.adk.tools import agent_tool
from pydantic import BaseModel

# 定义目标智能体(可以是 LlmAgent 或自定义 BaseAgent)
class ImageGeneratorAgent(BaseAgent): # 示例自定义智能体
    name: str = "ImageGen"
    description: str = "基于 Prompt 生成图像。"
    # ... 内部逻辑 ...
    async def _run_async_impl(self, ctx): # 简化的运行逻辑
        prompt = ctx.session.state.get("image_prompt", "默认 prompt")
        # ... 生成图像字节 ...
        image_bytes = b"..."
        yield Event(author=self.name, content=types.Content(parts=[types.Part.from_bytes(image_bytes, "image/png")]))


image_agent = ImageGeneratorAgent()
image_tool = agent_tool.AgentTool(agent=image_agent) # 包装智能体

# 父智能体使用 AgentTool
artist_agent = LlmAgent(
    name="Artist",
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    instruction="创建一个 Prompt 并使用 ImageGen 工具生成图像。",
    tools=[image_tool] # 包含 AgentTool
)
# Artist LLM 生成 prompt,然后调用:
# FunctionCall(name='ImageGen', args={'image_prompt': 'a cat wearing a hat'})
# 框架调用 image_tool.run_async(...),运行 ImageGeneratorAgent。
# 生成的图片 Part 作为工具结果返回给 Artist agent。
// 概念示例:智能体作为工具
import { LlmAgent, BaseAgent, AgentTool, InvocationContext } from '@google/adk';
import type { Part, createEvent, Event } from '@google/genai';

// 定义目标智能体(可以是 LlmAgent 或自定义 BaseAgent)
class ImageGeneratorAgent extends BaseAgent { // 示例自定义智能体
    constructor() {
        super({name: 'ImageGen', description: '基于 Prompt 生成图像。'});
    }
    // ... 内部逻辑 ...
    async *runAsyncImpl(ctx: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event> { // 简化的运行逻辑
        const prompt = ctx.session.state['image_prompt'] || '默认 Prompt';
        // ... 生成图像字节 ...
        const imageBytes = new Uint8Array(); // 占位符
        const imagePart: Part = {inlineData: {data: Buffer.from(imageBytes).toString('base64'), mimeType: 'image/png'}};
        yield createEvent({content: {parts: [imagePart]}});
    }

    async *runLiveImpl(ctx: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event, void, void> {
        // 未为此智能体实现。
    }
}

const imageAgent = new ImageGeneratorAgent();
const imageTool = new AgentTool({agent: imageAgent}); // 包装智能体

// 父智能体使用 AgentTool
const artistAgent = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'Artist',
    model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
    instruction: '创建一个 Prompt 并使用 ImageGen 工具生成图像。',
    tools: [imageTool] // 包含 AgentTool
});
// Artist LLM 生成 Prompt,然后调用:
// {functionCall: {name: 'ImageGen', args: {image_prompt: 'a cat wearing a hat'}}}
// 框架调用 imageTool.runAsync(...),它运行 ImageGeneratorAgent。
// 生成的图像 Part 作为工具结果返回给 Artist 智能体。
import (
    "fmt"
    "iter"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/model"
    "google.golang.org/adk/session"
    "google.golang.org/adk/tool"
    "google.golang.org/adk/tool/agenttool"
    "google.golang.org/genai"
)

// Conceptual Setup: Agent as a Tool
// Define a target agent (could be LlmAgent or custom BaseAgent)
imageAgent, _ := agent.New(agent.Config{
    Name:        "ImageGen",
    Description: "Generates an image based on a prompt.",
    Run: func(ctx agent.InvocationContext) iter.Seq2[*session.Event, error] {
        return func(yield func(*session.Event, error) bool) {
            prompt, _ := ctx.Session().State().Get("image_prompt")
            fmt.Printf("Generating image for prompt: %v\n", prompt)
            imageBytes := []byte("...") // Simulate image bytes
            yield(&session.Event{
                Author: "ImageGen",
                LLMResponse: model.LLMResponse{
                    Content: &genai.Content{
                        Parts: []*genai.Part{genai.NewPartFromBytes(imageBytes, "image/png")},
                    },
                },
            }, nil)
        }
    },
})

// Wrap the agent
imageTool := agenttool.New(imageAgent, nil)

// Now imageTool can be used as a tool by other agents.

// Parent agent uses the AgentTool
artistAgent, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "Artist",
    Model:       m,
    Instruction: "Create a prompt and use the ImageGen tool to generate the image.",
    Tools:       []tool.Tool{imageTool}, // Include the AgentTool
})
// Artist LLM generates a prompt, then calls:
// FunctionCall{Name: "ImageGen", Args: map[string]any{"image_prompt": "a cat wearing a hat"}}
// Framework calls imageTool.Run(...), which runs ImageGeneratorAgent.
// The resulting image Part is returned to the Artist agent as the tool result.
// 概念示例:智能体作为工具
import com.google.adk.agents.BaseAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.tools.AgentTool;

// 示例自定义智能体(可以是 LlmAgent 或自定义 BaseAgent)
public class ImageGeneratorAgent extends BaseAgent  {


  public ImageGeneratorAgent(String name, String description) {
    super(name, description, List.of(), null, null);
  }

  // ... 内部逻辑 ...
  @Override
  protected Flowable<Event> runAsyncImpl(InvocationContext invocationContext) { // 简化的运行逻辑
    invocationContext.session().state().get("image_prompt");
    // 生成图像字节
    // ...


    Event responseEvent = Event.builder()
        .author(this.name())
        .content(Content.fromParts(Part.fromText("...")))
        .build();


    return Flowable.just(responseEvent);
  }


  @Override
  protected Flowable<Event> runLiveImpl(InvocationContext invocationContext) {
    return null;
  }
}

// 使用 AgentTool 包装该智能体
ImageGeneratorAgent imageAgent = new ImageGeneratorAgent("image_agent", "generates images");
AgentTool imageTool = AgentTool.create(imageAgent);

// 父智能体使用 AgentTool
LlmAgent artistAgent = LlmAgent.builder()
        .name("Artist")
        .model("gemini-2.0-flash")
        .instruction(
                "你是一个艺术家。为图像创建详细提示,然后 " +
                        "使用 'ImageGen' 工具生成图像。 " +
                        "'ImageGen' 工具期望一个名为 'request' 的字符串参数 " +
                        "包含图像提示。该工具将在其 " +
                        "'result' 字段中返回一个 JSON 字符串,包含 'image_base64'、'mime_type' 和 'status'。"
        )
        .description("一个可以使用生成工具创建图像的智能体。")
        .tools(imageTool) // 包含 AgentTool
        .build();


// Artist LLM 生成一个 Prompt,然后调用:
// FunctionCall(name='ImageGen', args={'imagePrompt': 'a cat wearing a hat'})
// 框架调用 imageTool.runAsync(...),它运行 ImageGeneratorAgent。
// 生成的图像 Part 作为工具结果返回给 Artist 智能体。

这些原语提供了灵活性,可以设计从紧密耦合的顺序工作流到动态、LLM 驱动的委派网络的多智能体交互。

2. 使用 ADK 原语的常见多智能体模式

通过组合 ADK 的组合原语,你可以实现各种已建立的多智能体协作模式。

协调器/调度器模式

  • 结构: 一个中心 LlmAgent(协调器) 管理几个专门的 sub_agents
  • 目标: 将传入请求路由到适当的专家智能体。
  • 使用的 ADK 原语:
    • 层次结构: 协调器在 sub_agents 中列出专家。
    • 交互: 主要使用 LLM 驱动委派(需要在子智能体上有清晰的 description 并在协调器上有适当的 instruction) 或 显式调用 (AgentTool)(协调器在其 tools 中包含用 AgentTool 包装的专家)。
# 概念代码:使用 LLM 转移的协调器
from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent


billing_agent = LlmAgent(name="Billing", description="Handles billing inquiries.")
support_agent = LlmAgent(name="Support", description="Handles technical support requests.")


coordinator = LlmAgent(
    name="HelpDeskCoordinator",
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    instruction="路由用户请求:付款问题使用 Billing 智能体,技术支持问题使用 Support 智能体。",
    description="主要帮助台路由器。",
    # 在 AutoFlow 中,allow_transfer=True 对于 sub_agents 通常是隐式的
    sub_agents=[billing_agent, support_agent]
)
# 用户问 "My payment failed" -> 协调器的 LLM 应调用 transfer_to_agent(agent_name='Billing')
# 用户问 "I can't log in" -> 协调器的 LLM 应调用 transfer_to_agent(agent_name='Support')
// 概念代码:使用 LLM 转移的协调器
import { LlmAgent } from '@google/adk';

const billingAgent = new LlmAgent({name: 'Billing', description: '处理账单查询。'});
const supportAgent = new LlmAgent({name: 'Support', description: '处理技术支持请求。'});

const coordinator = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'HelpDeskCoordinator',
    model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
    instruction: '路由用户请求:付款问题使用 Billing 智能体,技术支持问题使用 Support 智能体。',
    description: '主要帮助台路由器。',
    // 在 AutoFlow 中,allowTransfer=true 对于 subAgents 通常是隐式的
    subAgents: [billingAgent, supportAgent]
});
// 用户问 "My payment failed" -> 协调器的 LLM 应调用 {functionCall: {name: 'transfer_to_agent', args: {agent_name: 'Billing'}}}
// 用户问 "I can't log in" -> 协调器的 LLM 应调用 {functionCall: {name: 'transfer_to_agent', args: {agent_name: 'Support'}}}
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
)

// Conceptual Code: Coordinator using LLM Transfer
billingAgent, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Billing", Description: "Handles billing inquiries.", Model: m})
supportAgent, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Support", Description: "Handles technical support requests.", Model: m})

coordinator, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "HelpDeskCoordinator",
    Model:       m,
    Instruction: "Route user requests: Use Billing agent for payment issues, Support agent for technical problems.",
    Description: "Main help desk router.",
    SubAgents:   []agent.Agent{billingAgent, supportAgent},
})
// User asks "My payment failed" -> Coordinator's LLM should call transfer_to_agent(agent_name='Billing')
// User asks "I can't log in" -> Coordinator's LLM should call transfer_to_agent(agent_name='Support')
// 概念代码:使用 LLM 转移的协调器
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;

LlmAgent billingAgent = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Billing")
    .description("Handles billing inquiries and payment issues.")
    .build();

LlmAgent supportAgent = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Support")
    .description("Handles technical support requests and login problems.")
    .build();

LlmAgent coordinator = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("HelpDeskCoordinator")
    .model("gemini-2.0-flash")
    .instruction("路由用户请求:付款问题使用 Billing 智能体,技术支持问题使用 Support 智能体。")
    .description("主要帮助台路由器。")
    .subAgents(billingAgent, supportAgent)
    // 在 Autoflow 中,对于子智能体,智能体转移是隐式的,除非使用
    // .disallowTransferToParent 或 disallowTransferToPeers 指定
    .build();

// 用户问 "My payment failed" -> 协调器的 LLM 应调用
// transferToAgent(agentName='Billing')
// 用户问 "I can't log in" -> 协调器的 LLM 应调用
// transferToAgent(agentName='Support')

顺序流水线模式

  • 结构: 一个 SequentialAgent 包含按固定顺序执行的 sub_agents
  • 目标: 实现多步骤过程,其中一个步骤的输出输入到下一个步骤。
  • 使用的 ADK 原语:
    • 工作流: SequentialAgent 定义顺序。
    • 通信: 主要使用 共享会话状态。较早的智能体写入结果 (通常通过 output_key),较晚的智能体从 context.state 读取这些结果。
# 概念代码:顺序数据流水线
from google.adk.agents import SequentialAgent, LlmAgent


validator = LlmAgent(name="ValidateInput", instruction="Validate the input.", output_key="validation_status")
processor = LlmAgent(name="ProcessData", instruction="Process data if {validation_status} is 'valid'.", output_key="result")
reporter = LlmAgent(name="ReportResult", instruction="Report the result from {result}.")


data_pipeline = SequentialAgent(
    name="DataPipeline",
    sub_agents=[validator, processor, reporter]
)
# validator 运行 -> 保存到 state['validation_status']
# processor 运行 -> 读取 state['validation_status'],保存到 state['result']
# reporter 运行 -> 读取 state['result']
// 概念代码:顺序数据流水线
import { SequentialAgent, LlmAgent } from '@google/adk';

const validator = new LlmAgent({name: 'ValidateInput', instruction: 'Validate the input.', outputKey: 'validation_status'});
const processor = new LlmAgent({name: 'ProcessData', instruction: 'Process data if {validation_status} is "valid".', outputKey: 'result'});
const reporter = new LlmAgent({name: 'ReportResult', instruction: 'Report the result from {result}.'});

const dataPipeline = new SequentialAgent({
    name: 'DataPipeline',
    subAgents: [validator, processor, reporter]
});
// validator 运行 -> 保存到 state['validation_status']
// processor 运行 -> 读取 state['validation_status'],保存到 state['result']
// reporter 运行 -> 读取 state['result']
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/sequentialagent"
)

// Conceptual Code: Sequential Data Pipeline
validator, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "ValidateInput", Instruction: "Validate the input.", OutputKey: "validation_status", Model: m})
processor, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "ProcessData", Instruction: "Process data if {validation_status} is 'valid'.", OutputKey: "result", Model: m})
reporter, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "ReportResult", Instruction: "Report the result from {result}.", Model: m})

dataPipeline, _ := sequentialagent.New(sequentialagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "DataPipeline", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{validator, processor, reporter}},
})
// validator runs -> saves to state["validation_status"]
// processor runs -> reads state["validation_status"], saves to state["result"]
// reporter runs -> reads state["result"]
// 概念代码:顺序数据流水线
import com.google.adk.agents.SequentialAgent;


LlmAgent validator = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("ValidateInput")
    .instruction("Validate the input")
    .outputKey("validation_status") // 将其主要文本输出保存到 session.state["validation_status"]
    .build();


LlmAgent processor = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("ProcessData")
    .instruction("Process data if {validation_status} is 'valid'")
    .outputKey("result") // 将其主要文本输出保存到 session.state["result"]
    .build();


LlmAgent reporter = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("ReportResult")
    .instruction("Report the result from {result}")
    .build();


SequentialAgent dataPipeline = SequentialAgent.builder()
    .name("DataPipeline")
    .subAgents(validator, processor, reporter)
    .build();


// validator 运行 -> 保存到 state['validation_status']
// processor 运行 -> 读取 state['validation_status'],保存到 state['result']
// reporter 运行 -> 读取 state['result']

并行扇出/聚合模式

  • 结构: 一个 ParallelAgent 并发运行多个 sub_agents,通常后面跟着一个后续智能体 (在 SequentialAgent 中) 来聚合结果。
  • 目标: 同时执行独立任务以减少延迟,然后组合它们的输出。
  • 使用的 ADK 原语:
    • 工作流: ParallelAgent 用于并发执行 (扇出)。通常嵌套在 SequentialAgent 中以处理后续的聚合步骤 (聚合)。
    • 通信: 子智能体将结果写入 共享会话状态中的不同键。后续的“聚合”智能体读取多个状态键。
# 概念代码:并行信息收集
from google.adk.agents import SequentialAgent, ParallelAgent, LlmAgent


fetch_api1 = LlmAgent(name="API1Fetcher", instruction="Fetch data from API 1.", output_key="api1_data")
fetch_api2 = LlmAgent(name="API2Fetcher", instruction="Fetch data from API 2.", output_key="api2_data")


gather_concurrently = ParallelAgent(
    name="ConcurrentFetch",
    sub_agents=[fetch_api1, fetch_api2]
)


synthesizer = LlmAgent(
    name="Synthesizer",
    instruction="Combine results from {api1_data} and {api2_data}."
)


overall_workflow = SequentialAgent(
    name="FetchAndSynthesize",
    sub_agents=[gather_concurrently, synthesizer] # 运行并行获取,然后合成
)
# fetch_api1 和 fetch_api2 并发运行,保存到 state。
# synthesizer 随后运行,读取 state['api1_data'] 和 state['api2_data']。
// 概念代码:并行信息收集
import { SequentialAgent, ParallelAgent, LlmAgent } from '@google/adk';

const fetchApi1 = new LlmAgent({name: 'API1Fetcher', instruction: 'Fetch data from API 1.', outputKey: 'api1_data'});
const fetchApi2 = new LlmAgent({name: 'API2Fetcher', instruction: 'Fetch data from API 2.', outputKey: 'api2_data'});

const gatherConcurrently = new ParallelAgent({
    name: 'ConcurrentFetch',
    subAgents: [fetchApi1, fetchApi2]
});

const synthesizer = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'Synthesizer',
    instruction: 'Combine results from {api1_data} and {api2_data}.'
});

const overallWorkflow = new SequentialAgent({
    name: 'FetchAndSynthesize',
    subAgents: [gatherConcurrently, synthesizer] // 运行并行获取,然后合成
});
// fetchApi1 和 fetchApi2 并发运行,保存到 state。
// synthesizer 随后运行,读取 state['api1_data'] 和 state['api2_data']。
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/parallelagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/sequentialagent"
)

// Conceptual Code: Parallel Information Gathering
fetchAPI1, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "API1Fetcher", Instruction: "Fetch data from API 1.", OutputKey: "api1_data", Model: m})
fetchAPI2, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "API2Fetcher", Instruction: "Fetch data from API 2.", OutputKey: "api2_data", Model: m})

gatherConcurrently, _ := parallelagent.New(parallelagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "ConcurrentFetch", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{fetchAPI1, fetchAPI2}},
})

synthesizer, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Synthesizer", Instruction: "Combine results from {api1_data} and {api2_data}.", Model: m})

overallWorkflow, _ := sequentialagent.New(sequentialagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "FetchAndSynthesize", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{gatherConcurrently, synthesizer}},
})
// fetch_api1 and fetch_api2 run concurrently, saving to state.
// synthesizer runs afterwards, reading state["api1_data"] and state["api2_data"].
// 概念代码:并行信息收集
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.ParallelAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.SequentialAgent;

LlmAgent fetchApi1 = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("API1Fetcher")
    .instruction("Fetch data from API 1.")
    .outputKey("api1_data")
    .build();

LlmAgent fetchApi2 = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("API2Fetcher")
    .instruction("Fetch data from API 2.")
    .outputKey("api2_data")
    .build();

ParallelAgent gatherConcurrently = ParallelAgent.builder()
    .name("ConcurrentFetcher")
    .subAgents(fetchApi2, fetchApi1)
    .build();

LlmAgent synthesizer = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Synthesizer")
    .instruction("Combine results from {api1_data} and {api2_data}.")
    .build();

SequentialAgent overallWorfklow = SequentialAgent.builder()
    .name("FetchAndSynthesize") // 运行并行获取,然后合成
    .subAgents(gatherConcurrently, synthesizer)
    .build();

// fetch_api1 和 fetch_api2 并发运行,保存到 state。
// synthesizer 随后运行,读取 state['api1_data'] 和 state['api2_data']。

分层任务分解

  • 结构: 一个多层次的智能体树,其中高层智能体分解复杂目标并将子任务委派给低层智能体。
  • 目标: 通过递归地将复杂问题分解为更简单、可执行的步骤来解决它们。
  • 使用的 ADK 原语:
    • 层次结构: 多层次 parent_agent/sub_agents 结构。
    • 交互: 主要是父智能体使用 LLM 驱动委派显式调用 (AgentTool) 将任务分配给子智能体。结果通过工具响应或状态向上返回层次结构。
# 概念代码:分层研究任务
from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent
from google.adk.tools import agent_tool

# 低层类工具智能体
web_searcher = LlmAgent(name="WebSearch", description="Performs web searches for facts.")
summarizer = LlmAgent(name="Summarizer", description="Summarizes text.")

# 中层智能体组合工具
research_assistant = LlmAgent(
    name="ResearchAssistant",
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    description="Finds and summarizes information on a topic.",
    tools=[agent_tool.AgentTool(agent=web_searcher), agent_tool.AgentTool(agent=summarizer)]
)

# 高层智能体委派研究
report_writer = LlmAgent(
    name="ReportWriter",
    model="gemini-2.0-flash",
    instruction="Write a report on topic X. Use the ResearchAssistant to gather information.",
    tools=[agent_tool.AgentTool(agent=research_assistant)]
    # 或者,如果 research_assistant 是 sub_agent,可以使用 LLM 转移
)
# 用户与 ReportWriter 交互。
# ReportWriter 调用 ResearchAssistant 工具。
# ResearchAssistant 调用 WebSearch 和 Summarizer 工具。
# 结果向上流动。
// 概念代码:分层研究任务
import { LlmAgent, AgentTool } from '@google/adk';

// 低层类工具智能体
const webSearcher = new LlmAgent({name: 'WebSearch', description: 'Performs web searches for facts.'});
const summarizer = new LlmAgent({name: 'Summarizer', description: 'Summarizes text.'});

// 中层智能体组合工具
const researchAssistant = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'ResearchAssistant',
    model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
    description: 'Finds and summarizes information on a topic.',
    tools: [new AgentTool({agent: webSearcher}), new AgentTool({agent: summarizer})]
});

// 高层智能体委派研究
const reportWriter = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'ReportWriter',
    model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
    instruction: 'Write a report on topic X. Use the ResearchAssistant to gather information.',
    tools: [new AgentTool({agent: researchAssistant})]
    // 或者,如果 researchAssistant 是 subAgent,可以使用 LLM 转移
});
// 用户与 ReportWriter 交互。
// ReportWriter 调用 ResearchAssistant 工具。
// ResearchAssistant 调用 WebSearch 和 Summarizer 工具。
// 结果向上流动。
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/tool"
    "google.golang.org/adk/tool/agenttool"
)

// Conceptual Code: Hierarchical Research Task
// Low-level tool-like agents
webSearcher, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "WebSearch", Description: "Performs web searches for facts.", Model: m})
summarizer, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{Name: "Summarizer", Description: "Summarizes text.", Model: m})

// Mid-level agent combining tools
webSearcherTool := agenttool.New(webSearcher, nil)
summarizerTool := agenttool.New(summarizer, nil)
researchAssistant, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "ResearchAssistant",
    Model:       m,
    Description: "Finds and summarizes information on a topic.",
    Tools:       []tool.Tool{webSearcherTool, summarizerTool},
})

// High-level agent delegating research
researchAssistantTool := agenttool.New(researchAssistant, nil)
reportWriter, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "ReportWriter",
    Model:       m,
    Instruction: "Write a report on topic X. Use the ResearchAssistant to gather information.",
    Tools:       []tool.Tool{researchAssistantTool},
})
// User interacts with ReportWriter.
// ReportWriter calls ResearchAssistant tool.
// ResearchAssistant calls WebSearch and Summarizer tools.
// Results flow back up.
// 概念代码:分层研究任务
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.tools.AgentTool;

// 低层类工具智能体
LlmAgent webSearcher = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("WebSearch")
    .description("Performs web searches for facts.")
    .build();


LlmAgent summarizer = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("Summarizer")
    .description("Summarizes text.")
    .build();

// 中层智能体组合工具
LlmAgent researchAssistant = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("ResearchAssistant")
    .model("gemini-2.0-flash")
    .description("Finds and summarizes information on a topic.")
    .tools(AgentTool.create(webSearcher), AgentTool.create(summarizer))
    .build();

// 高层智能体委派研究
LlmAgent reportWriter = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("ReportWriter")
    .model("gemini-2.0-flash")
    .instruction("Write a report on topic X. Use the ResearchAssistant to gather information.")
    .tools(AgentTool.create(researchAssistant))
    // 或者,如果 research_assistant 是 subAgent,可以使用 LLM 转移
    .build();


// 用户与 ReportWriter 交互。
// ReportWriter 调用 ResearchAssistant 工具。
// ResearchAssistant 调用 WebSearch 和 Summarizer 工具。
// 结果向上流动。

评审/批评模式 (生成器 - 批评者)

  • 结构: 通常涉及 SequentialAgent 中的两个智能体:一个生成器和一个批评者/评审者。
  • 目标: 通过让专门的智能体评审生成的输出来提高其质量或有效性。
  • 使用的 ADK 原语:
    • 工作流: SequentialAgent 确保生成在评审之前发生。
    • 通信: 共享会话状态(生成器使用 output_key 保存输出;评审者读取该状态键)。评审者可能将其反馈保存到另一个状态键以供后续步骤使用。
# 概念示例:Generator-Critic
from google.adk.agents import SequentialAgent, LlmAgent


generator = LlmAgent(
    name="DraftWriter",
    instruction="Write a short paragraph about subject X.",
    output_key="draft_text"
)


reviewer = LlmAgent(
    name="FactChecker",
    instruction="Review the text in {draft_text} for factual accuracy. Output 'valid' or 'invalid' with reasons.",
    output_key="review_status"
)

# Optional: Further steps based on review_status

review_pipeline = SequentialAgent(
    name="WriteAndReview",
    sub_agents=[generator, reviewer]
)
# generator runs -> saves draft to state['draft_text']
# reviewer runs -> reads state['draft_text'], saves status to state['review_status']
// Conceptual Code: Generator-Critic
import { SequentialAgent, LlmAgent } from '@google/adk';

const generator = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'DraftWriter',
    instruction: 'Write a short paragraph about subject X.',
    outputKey: 'draft_text'
});

const reviewer = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'FactChecker',
    instruction: 'Review the text in {draft_text} for factual accuracy. Output "valid" or "invalid" with reasons.',
    outputKey: 'review_status'
});

// 可选:根据 review_status 进行进一步操作

const reviewPipeline = new SequentialAgent({
    name: 'WriteAndReview',
    subAgents: [generator, reviewer]
});
// generator runs -> saves draft to state['draft_text']
// reviewer runs -> reads state['draft_text'], saves status to state['review_status']
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/sequentialagent"
)

// Conceptual Code: Generator-Critic
generator, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "DraftWriter",
    Instruction: "Write a short paragraph about subject X.",
    OutputKey:   "draft_text",
    Model:       m,
})

reviewer, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "FactChecker",
    Instruction: "Review the text in {draft_text} for factual accuracy. Output 'valid' or 'invalid' with reasons.",
    OutputKey:   "review_status",
    Model:       m,
})

reviewPipeline, _ := sequentialagent.New(sequentialagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "WriteAndReview", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{generator, reviewer}},
})
// generator runs -> saves draft to state["draft_text"]
// reviewer runs -> reads state["draft_text"], saves status to state["review_status"]
// 概念示例:Generator-Critic
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.SequentialAgent;


LlmAgent generator = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("DraftWriter")
    .instruction("Write a short paragraph about subject X.")
    .outputKey("draft_text")
    .build();


LlmAgent reviewer = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("FactChecker")
    .instruction("Review the text in {draft_text} for factual accuracy. Output 'valid' or 'invalid' with reasons.")
    .outputKey("review_status")
    .build();

// 可选:根据 review_status 进行进一步操作

SequentialAgent reviewPipeline = SequentialAgent.builder()
    .name("WriteAndReview")
    .subAgents(generator, reviewer)
    .build();

// generator runs -> saves draft to state['draft_text']
// reviewer runs -> reads state['draft_text'], saves status to state['review_status']

迭代优化模式

  • 结构: 使用一个 LoopAgent,其中包含一个或多个在多次迭代中处理任务的智能体。
  • 目标: 逐步改进存储在会话状态中的结果 (例如,代码、文本、计划),直到达到质量阈值或达到最大迭代次数。
  • 使用的 ADK 原语:
    • 工作流: LoopAgent 管理重复。
    • 通信: 共享会话状态对于智能体读取上一次迭代的输出并保存优化版本至关重要。
    • 终止: 循环通常基于 max_iterations 或专用检查智能体在结果令人满意时在事件操作中设置 escalate=True 来结束。
# 概念示例:Iterative Code Refinement
from google.adk.agents import LoopAgent, LlmAgent, BaseAgent
from google.adk.events import Event, EventActions
from google.adk.agents.invocation_context import InvocationContext
from typing import AsyncGenerator

# Agent to generate/refine code based on state['current_code'] and state['requirements']
code_refiner = LlmAgent(
    name="CodeRefiner",
    instruction="Read state['current_code'] (if exists) and state['requirements']. Generate/refine Python code to meet requirements. Save to state['current_code'].",
    output_key="current_code" # 每次覆盖 state 中的代码
)

# Agent to check if the code meets quality standards
quality_checker = LlmAgent(
    name="QualityChecker",
    instruction="Evaluate the code in state['current_code'] against state['requirements']. Output 'pass' or 'fail'.",
    output_key="quality_status"
)

# Custom agent to check the status and escalate if 'pass'
class CheckStatusAndEscalate(BaseAgent):
    async def _run_async_impl(self, ctx: InvocationContext) -> AsyncGenerator[Event, None]:
        status = ctx.session.state.get("quality_status", "fail")
        should_stop = (status == "pass")
        yield Event(author=self.name, actions=EventActions(escalate=should_stop))


refinement_loop = LoopAgent(
    name="CodeRefinementLoop",
    max_iterations=5,
    sub_agents=[code_refiner, quality_checker, CheckStatusAndEscalate(name="StopChecker")]
)
# Loop runs: Refiner -> Checker -> StopChecker
# State['current_code'] is updated each iteration.
# Loop stops if QualityChecker outputs 'pass' (leading to StopChecker escalating) or after 5 iterations.
// Conceptual Code: Iterative Code Refinement
import { LoopAgent, LlmAgent, BaseAgent, InvocationContext } from '@google/adk';
import type { Event, createEvent, createEventActions } from '@google/genai';

// Agent to generate/refine code based on state['current_code'] and state['requirements']
const codeRefiner = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'CodeRefiner',
    instruction: 'Read state["current_code"] (if exists) and state["requirements"]. Generate/refine Typescript code to meet requirements. Save to state["current_code"].',
    outputKey: 'current_code' // Overwrites previous code in state
});

// Agent to check if the code meets quality standards
const qualityChecker = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'QualityChecker',
    instruction: 'Evaluate the code in state["current_code"] against state["requirements"]. Output "pass" or "fail".',
    outputKey: 'quality_status'
});

// Custom agent to check the status and escalate if 'pass'
class CheckStatusAndEscalate extends BaseAgent {
    async *runAsyncImpl(ctx: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event> {
        const status = ctx.session.state.quality_status;
        const shouldStop = status === 'pass';
        if (shouldStop) {
            yield createEvent({
                author: 'StopChecker',
                actions: createEventActions(),
            });
        }
    }

    async *runLiveImpl(ctx: InvocationContext): AsyncGenerator<Event> {
        // This agent doesn't have a live implementation
        yield createEvent({ author: 'StopChecker' });
    }
}

// Loop runs: Refiner -> Checker -> StopChecker
// State['current_code'] is updated each iteration.
// Loop stops if QualityChecker outputs 'pass' (leading to StopChecker escalating) or after 5 iterations.
const refinementLoop = new LoopAgent({
    name: 'CodeRefinementLoop',
    maxIterations: 5,
    subAgents: [codeRefiner, qualityChecker, new CheckStatusAndEscalate({name: 'StopChecker'})]
});
import (
    "iter"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/loopagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/session"
)

// Conceptual Code: Iterative Code Refinement
codeRefiner, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "CodeRefiner",
    Instruction: "Read state['current_code'] (if exists) and state['requirements']. Generate/refine Python code to meet requirements. Save to state['current_code'].",
    OutputKey:   "current_code",
    Model:       m,
})

qualityChecker, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "QualityChecker",
    Instruction: "Evaluate the code in state['current_code'] against state['requirements']. Output 'pass' or 'fail'.",
    OutputKey:   "quality_status",
    Model:       m,
})

checkStatusAndEscalate, _ := agent.New(agent.Config{
    Name: "StopChecker",
    Run: func(ctx agent.InvocationContext) iter.Seq2[*session.Event, error] {
        return func(yield func(*session.Event, error) bool) {
            status, _ := ctx.Session().State().Get("quality_status")
            shouldStop := status == "pass"
            yield(&session.Event{Author: "StopChecker", Actions: session.EventActions{Escalate: shouldStop}}, nil)
        }
    },
})

refinementLoop, _ := loopagent.New(loopagent.Config{
    MaxIterations: 5,
    AgentConfig:   agent.Config{Name: "CodeRefinementLoop", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{codeRefiner, qualityChecker, checkStatusAndEscalate}},
})
// Loop runs: Refiner -> Checker -> StopChecker
// State["current_code"] is updated each iteration.
// Loop stops if QualityChecker outputs 'pass' (leading to StopChecker escalating) or after 5 iterations.
// 概念示例:Iterative Code Refinement
import com.google.adk.agents.BaseAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.LoopAgent;
import com.google.adk.events.Event;
import com.google.adk.events.EventActions;
import com.google.adk.agents.InvocationContext;
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.core.Flowable;
import java.util.List;

// Agent to generate/refine code based on state['current_code'] and state['requirements']
LlmAgent codeRefiner = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("CodeRefiner")
    .instruction("Read state['current_code'] (if exists) and state['requirements']. Generate/refine Java code to meet requirements. Save to state['current_code'].")
    .outputKey("current_code") // 每次覆盖 state 中的代码
    .build();

// Agent to check if the code meets quality standards
LlmAgent qualityChecker = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("QualityChecker")
    .instruction("Evaluate the code in state['current_code'] against state['requirements']. Output 'pass' or 'fail'.")
    .outputKey("quality_status")
    .build();


BaseAgent checkStatusAndEscalate = new BaseAgent(
    "StopChecker","Checks quality_status and escalates if 'pass'.", List.of(), null, null) {


  @Override
  protected Flowable<Event> runAsyncImpl(InvocationContext invocationContext) {
    String status = (String) invocationContext.session().state().getOrDefault("quality_status", "fail");
    boolean shouldStop = "pass".equals(status);


    EventActions actions = EventActions.builder().escalate(shouldStop).build();
    Event event = Event.builder()
        .author(this.name())
        .actions(actions)
        .build();
    return Flowable.just(event);
  }
};


LoopAgent refinementLoop = LoopAgent.builder()
    .name("CodeRefinementLoop")
    .maxIterations(5)
    .subAgents(codeRefiner, qualityChecker, checkStatusAndEscalate)
    .build();

// Loop runs: Refiner -> Checker -> StopChecker
// State['current_code'] is updated each iteration.
// Loop stops if QualityChecker outputs 'pass' (leading to StopChecker escalating) or after 5
// iterations.

人机协作模式

  • 结构: 在智能体工作流中集成人类干预点。
  • 目标: 允许人类监督、审批、纠正或执行 AI 无法完成的任务。
  • 使用的 ADK 原语 (概念):
    • 交互: 可以使用自定义工具实现,该工具暂停执行并向外部系统 (例如,UI、工单系统) 发送请求,等待人类输入。然后工具将人类的响应返回给智能体。
    • 工作流: 可以使用 LLM 驱动委派(transfer_to_agent) 针对概念上的“人类智能体”来触发外部工作流,或在 LlmAgent 内使用自定义工具。
    • 状态/回调: 状态可以保存人类的任务详情;回调可以管理交互流程。
    • 注意: ADK 没有内置的“人类智能体”类型,因此这需要自定义集成。
# 概念示例:使用工具进行人工审批
from google.adk.agents import LlmAgent, SequentialAgent
from google.adk.tools import FunctionTool

# --- Assume external_approval_tool exists ---
# This tool would:
# 1. Take details (e.g., request_id, amount, reason).
# 2. Send these details to a human review system (e.g., via API).
# 3. Poll or wait for the human response (approved/rejected).
# 4. Return the human's decision.
# async def external_approval_tool(amount: float, reason: str) -> str: ...
approval_tool = FunctionTool(func=external_approval_tool)

# Agent that prepares the request
prepare_request = LlmAgent(
    name="PrepareApproval",
    instruction="Prepare the approval request details based on user input. Store amount and reason in state.",
    # ... 可能设置 state['approval_amount'] 和 state['approval_reason'] ...
)

# Agent that calls the human approval tool
request_approval = LlmAgent(
    name="RequestHumanApproval",
    instruction="Use the external_approval_tool with amount from state['approval_amount'] and reason from state['approval_reason'].",
    tools=[approval_tool],
    output_key="human_decision"
)

# Agent that proceeds based on human decision
process_decision = LlmAgent(
    name="ProcessDecision",
    instruction="Check {human_decision}. If 'approved', proceed. If 'rejected', inform user."
)


approval_workflow = SequentialAgent(
    name="HumanApprovalWorkflow",
    sub_agents=[prepare_request, request_approval, process_decision]
)
// Conceptual Code: Using a Tool for Human Approval
import { LlmAgent, SequentialAgent, FunctionTool } from '@google/adk';
import { z } from 'zod';

// --- Assume externalApprovalTool exists ---
// This tool would:
// 1. Take details (e.g., request_id, amount, reason).
// 2. Send these details to a human review system (e.g., via API).
// 3. Poll or wait for the human response (approved/rejected).
// 4. Return the human's decision.
async function externalApprovalTool(params: {amount: number, reason: string}): Promise<{decision: string}> {
  // ... implementation to call external system
  return {decision: 'approved'}; // or 'rejected'
}

const approvalTool = new FunctionTool({
  name: 'external_approval_tool',
  description: 'Sends a request for human approval.',
  parameters: z.object({
    amount: z.number(),
    reason: z.string(),
  }),
  execute: externalApprovalTool,
});


// Agent that prepares the request
const prepareRequest = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'PrepareApproval',
    instruction: 'Prepare the approval request details based on user input. Store amount and reason in state.',
    // ... likely sets state['approval_amount'] and state['approval_reason'] ...
});

// Agent that calls the human approval tool
const requestApproval = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'RequestHumanApproval',
    instruction: 'Use the external_approval_tool with amount from state["approval_amount"] and reason from state["approval_reason"].',
    tools: [approvalTool],
    outputKey: 'human_decision'
});

// Agent that proceeds based on human decision
const processDecision = new LlmAgent({
    name: 'ProcessDecision',
    instruction: 'Check {human_decision}. If "approved", proceed. If "rejected", inform user.'
});

const approvalWorkflow = new SequentialAgent({
    name: 'HumanApprovalWorkflow',
    subAgents: [prepareRequest, requestApproval, processDecision]
});
import (
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/llmagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/agent/workflowagents/sequentialagent"
    "google.golang.org/adk/tool"
)

// Conceptual Code: Using a Tool for Human Approval
// --- Assume externalApprovalTool exists ---
// func externalApprovalTool(amount float64, reason string) (string, error) { ... }
type externalApprovalToolArgs struct {
    Amount float64 `json:"amount" jsonschema:"The amount for which approval is requested."`
    Reason string  `json:"reason" jsonschema:"The reason for the approval request."`
}
var externalApprovalTool func(tool.Context, externalApprovalToolArgs) (string, error)
approvalTool, _ := functiontool.New(
    functiontool.Config{
        Name:        "external_approval_tool",
        Description: "Sends a request for human approval.",
    },
    externalApprovalTool,
)

prepareRequest, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "PrepareApproval",
    Instruction: "Prepare the approval request details based on user input. Store amount and reason in state.",
    Model:       m,
})

requestApproval, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "RequestHumanApproval",
    Instruction: "Use the external_approval_tool with amount from state['approval_amount'] and reason from state['approval_reason'].",
    Tools:       []tool.Tool{approvalTool},
    OutputKey:   "human_decision",
    Model:       m,
})

processDecision, _ := llmagent.New(llmagent.Config{
    Name:        "ProcessDecision",
    Instruction: "Check {human_decision}. If 'approved', proceed. If 'rejected', inform user.",
    Model:       m,
})

approvalWorkflow, _ := sequentialagent.New(sequentialagent.Config{
    AgentConfig: agent.Config{Name: "HumanApprovalWorkflow", SubAgents: []agent.Agent{prepareRequest, requestApproval, processDecision}},
})
// 概念示例:使用工具进行人工审批
import com.google.adk.agents.LlmAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.SequentialAgent;
import com.google.adk.tools.FunctionTool;

// --- 假设 external_approval_tool 存在 ---
// 此工具将:
// 1. 接收详细信息(例如,request_id、amount、reason)。
// 2. 将这些详细信息发送到人工审核系统(例如,通过 API)。
// 3. 轮询或等待人工响应(批准/拒绝)。
// 4. 返回人工的决定。
// public boolean externalApprovalTool(float amount, String reason) { ... }
FunctionTool approvalTool = FunctionTool.create(externalApprovalTool);

// 准备请求的智能体
LlmAgent prepareRequest = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("PrepareApproval")
    .instruction("根据用户输入准备审批请求详细信息。将金额和原因存储在状态中。")
    // ... 可能设置 state['approval_amount'] 和 state['approval_reason'] ...
    .build();

// 调用人工审批工具的智能体
LlmAgent requestApproval = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("RequestHumanApproval")
    .instruction("使用 external_approval_tool,从 state['approval_amount'] 获取金额,从 state['approval_reason'] 获取原因。")
    .tools(approvalTool)
    .outputKey("human_decision")
    .build();


// 根据人工决定继续的智能体
LlmAgent processDecision = LlmAgent.builder()
    .name("ProcessDecision")
    .instruction("检查 {human_decision}。如果是 'approved',则继续。如果是 'rejected',则通知用户。")
    .build();


SequentialAgent approvalWorkflow = SequentialAgent.builder()
    .name("HumanApprovalWorkflow")
    .subAgents(prepareRequest, requestApproval, processDecision)
    .build();

使用策略的人机协作

实现人机协作的一种更高级和结构化的方法是使用 PolicyEngine。这种方法允许你定义策略,可以在执行工具之前触发用户的确认步骤。SecurityPlugin 拦截工具调用,咨询 PolicyEngine,如果策略规定,它将自动请求用户确认。这种模式对于执行治理和安全规则更加稳健。

工作原理如下:

  1. SecurityPlugin:你将此插件添加到你的 Runner。它充当所有工具调用的拦截器。
  2. BasePolicyEngine:你创建一个实现此接口的自定义类。其 evaluate() 方法包含你的逻辑,用于决定工具调用是否需要确认。
  3. PolicyOutcome.CONFIRM:当你的 evaluate() 方法返回此结果时,SecurityPlugin 暂停工具执行并使用 getAskUserConfirmationFunctionCalls 生成一个特殊的 FunctionCall
  4. 应用程序处理:你的应用程序代码接收此特殊函数调用并向用户呈现确认请求。
  5. 用户确认:一旦用户确认,你的应用程序将 FunctionResponse 发送回智能体,这允许 SecurityPlugin 继续执行原始工具。

TypeScript 推荐模式

基于策略的模式是在 TypeScript 中实现人机协作工作流的推荐方法。其他 ADK 语言的支持计划在未来版本中提供。

下面显示了使用 CustomPolicyEngine 在执行任何工具之前要求用户确认的概念示例。

const rootAgent = new LlmAgent({
  name: 'weather_time_agent',
  model: 'gemini-2.5-flash',
  description:
      '回答有关城市时间和天气问题的智能体。',
  instruction:
      '你是一个有用的智能体,可以回答用户关于城市时间和天气的问题。',
  tools: [getWeatherTool],
});

class CustomPolicyEngine implements BasePolicyEngine {
  async evaluate(_context: ToolCallPolicyContext): Promise<PolicyCheckResult> {
    // 默认宽松实现
    return Promise.resolve({
      outcome: PolicyOutcome.CONFIRM,
      reason: '需要确认工具调用',
    });
  }
}

const runner = new InMemoryRunner({
    agent: rootAgent,
    appName,
    plugins: [new SecurityPlugin({policyEngine: new CustomPolicyEngine()})]
});

你可以在这里找到完整的代码示例。

组合模式

这些模式为构建你的多智能体系统提供了起点。你可以根据需要混合和匹配它们,以为你的特定应用程序创建最有效的架构。